Energy management of stationary hybrid battery energy storage systems using the example of a real-world 5 MW hybrid battery storage project in Germany

Tjark Thien, Hendrik Axelsen, Michael Merten, Dirk Uwe Sauer, Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 51, Juli 2022.

 

Abstract

Utility-scale Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are becoming increasingly important for the transition to large shares of renewable energy sources in the electricity grid. Hybrid battery storage systems are an interesting option to increase the profitability of BESS by combining low-cost battery technologies with more expensive, but also more efficient and robust ones. In theory, such a hybrid system can be cheaper than a single-technology system by leveraging synergy effects while still satisfying the requirements of a given application. An energy management system, which allocates the setpoint power of the BESS to the individual battery technologies, is crucial for taking advantage of the hybrid system layout. This paper details an analysis of different energy management algorithms for hybrid BESS using the example of a real-world project called M5BAT and compares the latter to alternative BESS layouts. Besides two heuristic algorithms, a non-predictive optimization and a predictive optimization are developed. Models comprising the electrical, thermal and aging behavior of the considered BESS components are introduced. Simulations of the operation of the BESS providing frequency containment reserve are conducted for determining the operating costs. The performance of the algorithms is evaluated based on the simulation results. Comparing the results shows significant differences in the operating costs between the algorithms, especially when optimized to reduce operating costs. The economic advantage of hybrid BESS is validated by additional simulations of a virtual hybrid BESS and a virtual single-technology BESS. Although the layout has not been optimized in terms of individual sizing of the different battery technologies, the hybrid BESS show a considerable advantage over the single-technology BESS.

 

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